Speech Final Review free essay sample

When a speaker is aware of the rhetorical situation, he or she is audience-centered. 9. A clearly defined speech purpose or goal is necessary for an effective speech. H. Establishing a speech purpose early helps the speaker maintain a clear focus. Frame of Reference Sum of knowledge, experience, goals, values, attitudes, and culture. Everything is filtered through the frame of reference. No two people have the same frame of reference. Listening What Are The Four Types of Listening? Appreciative- for pleasure or enjoyment Empathetic- to provide emotional support for speakerComprehensive- understanding speakers message What Are The Causes Of Poor Listening Skills? Not concentrating, listening too hard, Jumping to conclusions, focusing on delivery or personal appearance. (Obstacles to active listening include cultural barriers; environmental, emotional, sand physiological distractions; daydreaming; scriptwriting and defensive listening; and laziness and overconfidence) Focus Your Listening What Should You Listen For? Take listening seriously, resist distractions, dont be diverted by appearance or delivery, suspend Judgment, develop note taking skills, focus listening: Main Points,Evidence, Technique. (listen for the speakers thesis or main point; and evaluate the speakers evidence, nonverbal cues, organizational patterns, set listening goals) Speaking To Inform The Four Types of Informative Speeches 1 . Speech of definition focuses on addressing the meaning of a new or complex concept. 2. Speech of description offers a vivid portrayal of the subject. 3. Speech of explanation gives a step by step lesson on how to do something. 4. Speech of demonstration involves providing reasons or causes, demonstrating relationships, and offering interpretation and analysis.Guidelines For Informative Speaking (Hint: There are 5) 1 . Dont overestimate what the audience knows. 2. Relate the subject directly to the audience. 3. Dont be too technical. 4. Avoid abstractions (use description, compare and contrast) 5. Personalize your ideas. Selecting A Topic and Purpose; Chi. 4 Choosing a Topic Choose one you know a lot about (personal experience, Job, vacations, unusual experiences, pre-researched topics, things you want to learn more about) Brainstorming, clustering, broad goal of speech: to inform, to persuade. Specific Purpose Statements Full initial phrase. Include who you are speaking to. Single phrase that is a statement. States what speaker hopes to accomplish/ wants to know, avoid figurative Learning Research and PAPA Testimony- eyewitness accounts, peoples opinions, firsthand findings, expert- an astronaut taking about g force, lay- a person who witnessed a robbery, quote- a paraphrase accurately, identify the quote. Logical supporting material- books, newspapers, magazines, internet.How To Tell A Website Is Credible Author Information on the internet with a listed author is one indication of a redouble site. The fact that the author is willing to stand behind the information presented (and in some cases, include his or her contact information) is a good indication that the information is reliable. Date The date of any research information is important, including information found on the Internet. By including a date, the website allows readers to make decisions about whether that information is recent enough for their purposes.Sources Credible websites, like books and scholarly articles, should cite the source of the information presented. Domain Some domains such as . Com, . Org, and . Net can be purchased and used by any individual. However, the domain . Dude is reserved for colleges and universities, while . Gob denotes a government website. These two are usually credible sources for information (though occasionally a university will assign a . Dude address to each of its students for personal use, in which case use caution when citing).Be careful with the domain . Org, because . Org is usually used by non-profit organizations which may have an agenda of persuasion rather than education. Site Design This can be very objective, but a well-designed site can be an indication of more reliable information. Good design helps make information more easily accessible. Writing Style Poor spelling and grammar are an indication that the site may not be credible. In an effort to make the information presented easy to understand, credible sites watch writing style closely.Analyzing the Audience; Chi. 5 Audience-centeredness Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech presentation and preparation. (Gathering/analyzing info about audience With the this info you can prepare your speech meaningfully. To whom am I peaking? What do I want them to know/believe/do? ) Identification common values, goals, and experiences. The Psychology of Audiences People want to hear things that are meaningful. Egocentrics- people being concerned with their own thoughts. Stereotyping- creating an oversimplified image.Situational Audience Analysis Size- Larger (more formal) Physical Setting- indoors/outdoors, hot/cold? Disposition of audience towards the topic The speaker Occasion Organizing Your Speech How Can An Organized Speech Help A Speaker? Make the message better to understand, increase the speakers competence and righteousness in the minds of listeners, organizes thoughts, easier to listeners to comprehend, listeners find speakers who give well-organized speeches more competent and trustworthy, better critical thinking which will help in life.How Many Main Points Should A Speech Have? Two to five (seven at most) Transition Sentences Indicates the speaker has finished and is moving on. Beginning and Ending the Speech The Introduction now that we have a clear Attention getter, establish credibility, reveal topic, preview body of speech. Established the purpose of a speech and shows its relevance to the audience. Should You Write Your Introduction First? No, Last. Humor, story, discussing a problem, interesting fact or statistic, quietest. What Things Should The Introduction Contain?The Conclusion The conclusion beings closure to the speech by restating the purpose, summarizing main points, and reiterating why the thesis is relevant to the audience. Outlining the Speech What Should The Detailed Outline Contain? Each main and supporting point is stated in sentence form as a declarative statement. What Should The Key-Word Outline Contain? Uses the smallest possible units of understanding to outline the main and purporting points. Delivery Speaking Extemporaneously Falls somewhere between impromptu and written or memorized deliveries.You prepare well and price in advance, giving full attention to all the facets of the speech. You speak from an outline of key words and phrases. The Speakers Voice Volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, gives voice expressions, pronunciation, articulation. Rate The pace at which you convey the speech. Pauses Enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a thought, or Just allowing a listener a moment to contemplate what is Ewing said. Pronunciation The correct formulation of word sounds.Articulation The clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made, regardless of whether they are pronounced correctly. The Speakers Body Audience evaluating facial movements, eye behavior, gestures, and general body words, the rest is body language and nonverbal communication. 38% from voice and 55% from the speakers body and appearance. When Should A Speaker Be Concerned About Their Appearance? Dress nice because it is what the audience first notices. Using Language; Chi. 11 Connotative vs..Denotative Definitions Denotative- the literal or dictionary definition of a work. Connotative- the meaning suggested by associations or emotions triggered by a word or a phrase. Concrete vs.. Abstract Words Concrete- words that refer to tangible objects. Abstract- words that refer to ideas or concepts. Using Language Appropriately Be accurate, clear, vivid, make language appropriate to occasion, audience, topic and speaker. Speaking to Persuade; Chi. 15 Ethos, Pathos, Logos (PPTP Lecture) Ethos- the trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker.Ethos is often involved through tone and style of the message and through the way the writer or speaker refers to differing views Logos- the clarity of the claim, the logic of its reasons, and the effectiveness of its supporting evidence Pathos- associated with emotional appeal (sympathies and imagination) (Ethos: the sources credibility, the speakers/authors authority Logos: the logic used to support a claim (induction and deduction); can also be the facts and statistics used to help support the argument. Pathos: the emotional or motivational appeals; vivid language, emotional language and numerous sensory details. The Target Audience The portion of the whole audience that the speaker wants most to persuade. What Are Questions of Fact? What Are Questions of Value? Question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. What Are Questions of Policy? A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. Ethics; Chi. 2 How Should We Make Ethical Decisions? Ethics- The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. We formulate ethical guidelines, not inflexible rules.Guided by your values, your conscience, your sense of right and wrong Weighing attention course of action against ethical standards Guidelines For Ethical Speaking Make ethically sound goals Be fully prepared and informed about your subject Be honest Avoid name-calling, abusive language Put principles into practice Plagiarism Presenting another persons language or ideas as ones own Global Plagiarism Stealing speech from single source, passing it off as ones own Patchwork Plagiarism Stealing ideas, language from two or three sources passing them off as ones own Incremental Plagiarism Failing to give credit for parts of speech borrowed from others Quoting Paraphrasing Cite sources when using Internet materials Take careful notes Unethical websites essays;arithmetician. Mom The 1st Amendment Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Hugh M. Heifer First Amendment Award Schools and Faceable under the First Amendment? Slippery Slope Organize your thoughts logically, tailoring your message to your audience, telling a Tory for maximum impact, and adapting to listener feedback are A. Differences between Public speaking and conversations B. Messages C. Similarities between Public speaking and conversations D. Channels is more highly structured, more formal language, and requires a different method of delivery. A. Public Speaking B. Conversations C. Channels D. Messages b Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience. A.Visualization B. Stage fright C. Positive nervousness D. Adrenaline d A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress. A. Visualization Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation. A. Visualization Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation. A. Visualization Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion. A. Speaker C. Critical thinking The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener. A. Speaker B. Message D.Channel Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. The person who receives the speakers message. A. Feedback B. Listener C. Frame of Reference The sum of a persons knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference. A. Feedback The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker. A. Feedback Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners. A. Situation B. Ethnocentrism C. Interference The time and place in which speech communication occurs The belief that ones own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.